Efficacious elimination of crystal violet pollutant via photo-Fenton process based on Gd(2−x)La(x)Zr2O7 nanoparticles

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

X-ray diffraction pattern of Gd_(2−x)La_(x)Zr₂O₇ fabricated based on a sol–gel auto-combustion route with tartaric acid as a fuel and annealed at 1100 °C for 2 h is depicted in Fig. 2. The broad diffraction peaks associated with (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) reflections of the defect-fluorite-structured Gd₂Zr₂O₇ with space group: Fm-3 m (PDF#80–0471) at 2θ = 29.41°, 34.12°, 48.90°, 58.26°, and 61.18° were detected and these results are in a good agreement with other researches^34,35. However, the pyrochlore superstructures at 111 (14°), 311…