Analysis of fractional order model on higher institution students’ anxiety towards mathematics with optimal control theory

In this section, we re-formulate the higher institutions students anxiety towards mathematics model (Eq. 9) using a Caputo fractional order derivative approach in order to observe the memory effects and gain more insights about the dynamics of higher institutions students anxiety towards mathematics. System (9) in terms of integral form is followed by substituting the value of kernel as a power-law correlation function. After applying the Caputo fractional derivative of \((\theta -1),\) we have got