wideband high-gain low-profile series-fed antenna integrated with optimized metamaterials for 5G millimeter wave applications

Problem formulation

We adopt the following notation. Design variables of the antenna under design (normally, geometry parameters) will be denoted as a vector x = [x₁ … x_n]^T; f will denote frequency. Accordingly, S₁₁(x,f) and G(x,f) will stand for antenna reflection coefficient and end-fire gain at design x and frequency f.

There are two objectives of the antenna design optimization process, which are to be achieved simultaneously:

• Improve the antenna end-fire gain G(x,f) over the frequency range frequency range…