Clay-supported bio-based Lewis acid ionic liquid as a potent catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymthylfurfural

Hal-IL structure

In Fig. 1A the XRD patterns of Hal and Hal-IL are shown and compared. As depicted, the Hal provided from China exhibited the peaks at 2θ = 12.3°, 18.8°, 20.6°, 25.2°, 35.7°, 38.1°, 56.3° and 62.5°. Although in the XRD pattern of Hal-IL, the characteristic peaks of Hal are observed, this pattern is distinguished from pristine Hal. In this XRD pattern, the broad band in the range of 2θ = 16.3°, 30.1°, which contains some Hal peaks is ascribed to the amorphous caffeine³⁸. According to the literature, it is expected that characteristic peaks of…