Impacts of entropy generation in second-grade fuzzy hybrid nanofluids on exponentially permeable stretching/shrinking surface

This study takes into account the time-dependent, 2D incompressible flow of MHD viscoelastic (Second-grade) hybrid \({\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} + {\text{Cu/SA}}\) nanofluid over the exponentially shrinking/stretching surface, as shown in Fig. 1. \(u_{w} \left( {x,\,t} \right) = \lambda e^{{{x \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {x L}} \right. \kern-0pt} L}}} \left( {a/\left( {1 – ct} \right)} \right)\) signifies the stretching/shrinking velocity, where \(\lambda\) represents a constant that relates to stretching \(\lambda > 0\) and shrinking \(\lambda < 0\) cases of the velocity rate, L…