Nonlinear bladder cancer model
In this study, a bladder cancer model27,28 is employed, as depicted in Fig. 1. The model considers the impact of BCG vaccines on various populations, including uninfected tumor cells, infected tumor cells, and effector T cells. The administration of BCG vaccines to the tumor site converts uninfected tumor cells into infected tumor cells, which are subsequently targeted and eliminated by the effector cells.
Consider a general dynamic system with impulsive input:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} {\dot{X}}(t)&= f_X(X(t)), \quad t \ne \tau _k\\ X(t^+&) = X(t) +…
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