Toward empirical correlations for estimating the specific heat capacity of nanofluids utilizing GRG, GP, GEP, and GMDH

Nanoparticles, tiny species with an average size of 1–100 nm, are classified in various aspects such as their shape (or morphology), size, and physicochemical characteristics. Aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), and other metals, as well as oxide-based or non-metallic materials like copper-oxide (CuO), titanium-dioxide (TiO₂), aluminum-oxide (Al₂O₃), and so on, can all be found in the nanoparticles category. When nanoparticles are mixed in conventional base-fluids, they generate novel compounds known as nanofluids with distinct properties¹. Water (W), ethylene glycol (EG),…