Synthesis and characterization of Ce0.5Bi0.5VO4/rGO nanocomposite by sonochemical method for photocatalytic desulfurization of petroleum derivatives

XRD studies and mechanism of Ce_0.5Bi_0.5VO₄/rGO formation

X-ray diffraction patterns of samples S1, S2, and S3, which belong to CeVO₄, BiVO₄, and CeVO₄/BiVO₄, respectively, are shown in Fig. 2a–c. As can be seen, the samples are amorphous, which is due to the use of ultrasound waves for synthesis. Figure 2d corresponds to sample S3 (CeVO₄/BiVO₄) after calcination at 400 °C. According to the patterns in Fig. 2d, some peaks correspond to the tetragonal structure of CeVO₄ (JCPDS = 01072028 and lattice parameters a = 7.34 Å, b = 7.34 Å, c = 6.47 Å) and the rest of…