Smoking induces increased apoptosis in osteoblasts: changes in bone matrix organic components

Study subjects and case information

All participants included in this research provided written informed consent prior to participation and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of Helsinki declaration of 1964 and its amendments²⁰. This study was approved by the local research ethics committee (School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Ethics Committee, protocol (3.120.116).

For this study, 104 individuals who underwent total hip arthroplasty from February 2019 to March 2022, from the Hospital Municipal de São José dos Campos were included….