Association between cumulative smoking exposure and cognitive decline in non-demented older adults: NEDICES study

Ethical aspects

All the participants included in the study gave their written informed consent after a full explanation of the procedure. The study, which was conducted per the principles of the Helsinki declaration of 1975, was approved by the ethical standards committee on human experimentation at the University Hospitals “12 de Octubre” and “La Princesa” in Madrid. Written (signed) informed consent was obtained from all enrollees.

Study population

Data for these analyses were derived from the NEDICES study, a longitudinal, population-based survey of the prevalence, incidence, and…